A Sample Of Notes From Medical Virology // I Keep The Margins Empty So That I Have Space To Add In Relevant

Clostridium tetani

Gram+, anaerobe, spore forming, motile, rod.

Neurotoxin: Tetanus Toxin blocks glycine and GABA and produces a SPASTIC PARALYSIS.

TETANUS

Opisthotonus

Risus  Sardonicus

Severe mucle spasm

study tip request: studying on public transport (or sth related like how to know what to record when you record yourself saying notes so that you can listen to them on public transport)

Best Way to Make Study Recordings for Yourself

Testing yourself is the most effective way to learn a topic, so this one is fairly straightforward. For recording:

Formulate an examination style question, and run through the answer in your head, organising your thoughts. 

Then record the question, and mouth silently the answer fluently (reason being that just thinking in your head may result in too little or too much silence. 

Leave a few extra seconds of silence for thinking time (~3-5 seconds). 

Answer the question aloud in the recording (I’d suggest a brief one)

Rinse and repeat until you have enough to last you the whole commute. 

Hope that helps! For more tips on how to spend time on commutes, check out my post on Staying Productive No Matter How Much Time You Have :)

 30 . 06 . 2017  Microbiology notes !!!  Yesterday I took my physics final exam and it went great: I got a 27/30, which is way more than what I expected as Physics is one of my worst subjects.  My next exam, microbiology, is in four days and I’m starting to feel a bit anxious about it as it’s a pretty tough exam but I’ll try to do my best ! 

Sketchy Micro To Do List: 

• 01 - Gram Positive Cocci o 1.1 - Staph Aureus (11:03) o 1.2 - Staph Epidermidis (6:54) o 1.3 - Strep pyogenes (Group A Strep) (14:30) o 1.4 - Strep agalactiae (Group B Strep) (5:23) o 1.5 - Strep. pneumoniae Strep viridans (9:17) o 1.6 - Enterococcus (4:06) • 02 - Gram Positive Bacilli o 2.1 - Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus (9:50) o 2.2 - Clostridium tetani (6:42) o 2.3 - Clostridium botulinum (7:35) o 2.4 - Clostridium difficile (8:17) o 2.5 - Clostridium perfringens (5:31) o 2.6 - Corynebacterium diphtheriae (6:49) o 2.7 - Listeria monocytonegenes (4:04) • 03 - Gram-Positive Branching Filamentous Rods o 3.1 - Actinomyces (3:01) o 3.2 - Nocardia (6:50) • 04 - Gram-Negative Cocci o 4.1 - Neisseria species overview (5:07) o 4.2 - Neisseria meningitidis (8:59) o 4.3 - Neisseria gonorrheae (7:33) • 05 - Gram-Negative Bacilli - Enteric tract o 5.1 - Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia (7:49) o 5.10 - Proteus mirabilis (2:54) o 5.2 - Salmonella (5:51) o 5.3 - Shigella (6:26) o 5.4 - Escherichia coli (ETEC, EHEC) (8:51) o 5.5 - Yersinia enterocolitica (7:54) o 5.6 - Campylobacter (5:30) o 5.7 - Vibrio (5:45) o 5.8 - Helicobacter (5:23) o 5.9 - Pseudomonas (9:59) • 06 - Gram-Negative Bacilli - Respiratory tract o 6.1 - Bordatella pertussis (7:39) o 6.2 - Haemophilus influenzae (8:46) o 6.3 - Legionella (7:26)

• 07 - Gram-Negative Bacilli - Zoonotics o 7.1 - Bartonella henselae (4:15) o 7.2 - Brucella (4:41) o 7.3 - Francisella tularensis (3:50) o 7.4 - Pasteurella multocida (3:55) • 08 - Mycobacteria o 8.1 - Mycobacterium tuberculosis (16:35) o 8.2 - Mycobacterium leprae (9:17) • 09 - Spirochetes o 9.1 - Borrelia (8:16) o 9.2 - Leptospirosis (4:18) o 9.3 - Treponema Pallidum (12:52) • 10 - Gram-Indeterminate Bacteria o 10.1 - Chlamydia (15:08) o 10.2 - Coxiella burnetii (4:57) o 10.3 - Gardnerella vaginalis (5:32) o 10.4 - Mycoplasma pneumoniae (5:57) o 10.5 - Rickettsia species overview (3:34) o 10.6 - Rickettsia prowazekii (4:11) o 10.7 - Rickettsia rickettsii (4:00) • Fungi • 1 - Systemic Mycoses o 1.1 - Histoplasmosis (9:38) o 1.2 - Blastomycosis (6:09) o 1.3 - Coccidioidomycosis (7:26) o 1.4 - Paracoccidioidomycosis (4:55) • 2 - Cutaneous Mycoses o 2.1 - Malassezia furfur :0Pityriasis Versicolor (5:10) o 2.2 - Dermatophytes (6:01) o 2.3 - Sporothrix schenckii (4:24) • 3 - Opportunistic Fungal Infections o 3.1 - Candida albicans (12:49) o 3.2 - Aspergillus fumigatus (10:51) o 3.3 - Cryptococcus neoformans (9:00) o 3.4 - Mucormycosis (6:17) o 3.5 - Pneumocystis pneumonia (5:49)

• Parasites • 1 - Protozoa of the Intestinal Tract o 1.1 - Giardia (5:19) o 1.2 - Entamoeba histolytica (7:55) o 1.3 - Cryptosporidium (4:31) • 2 - Protozoa of the CNS o 2.1 - Toxoplasmosis (10:21) o 2.2 - Trypanosoma brucei (4:45) o 2.3 - Naegleria fowleri (6:01) • 3 - Protozoa of the Blood o 3.1 - Trypanosoma cruzi (5:43) o 3.2 - Babesia (6:59) o 3.3 - Plasmodium species (13:57) o 3.4 - Leishmaniasis (5:47) • 4 - Protozoa - Other Tissue o 4.1 - Trichomoniasis (5:37) • 5 - Helminths - Nematodes o 5.1 - Intestinal nematodes (13:09) o 5.2 - Tissue Nematodes (11:29) • 6 - Helminths - Trematodes and Cestodes o 6.1 - Cestodes (10:20) o 6.2 - Trematodes (10:56)

• Viruses • 1 - RNA Viruses - Positive Sense o 1.1 - Picornavirus Overview (10:47) o 1.2 - (Pico) Poliovirus (7:18) o 1.3 - (Pico) Coxsackievirus (5:10) o 1.4 - (Pico) Rhinovirus (4:45) o 1.5 - (Pico) Hepatitis A (7:00) o 1.6 - (Norwalk) Calicivirus (5:26) o 1.7 - Flavivirus (8:16) o 1.8 - Hepatitis C Virus (10:24) o 1.9 - Togavirus (11:20) o 1.10 - Coronavirus (3:32) o 1.11 - HIV (16:24) • 2 - RNA Viruses - Negative Sense o 2.1 - Orthomyxovirus (18:23) o 2.2 - Paramyxovirus (15:57) o 2.3 - Rhabdovirus (9:02) o 2.4 - Filovirus (4:54) o 2.5 - Bunyavirus (5:41) o 2.6 - Arenavirus (5:15) o 2.7 - Reovirus (7:15) • 3 - DNA Viruses o 3.1 - HSV-1 and HSV-2 (11:15) o 3.10 - Adenovirus (4:52) o 3.11 - Poxvirus (8:26) o 3.12 - Hepatitis B Virus (18:38) o 3.2 - EBV (13:24) o 3.3 - CMV (11:51) o 3.4 - VZV (11:45) o 3.5 - HHV-6 (5:12) o 3.6 - HHV-8 (7:10) o 3.7 - Polyomavirus JC & BK (6:31) o 3.8 - Papillomavirus (13:47) o 3.9 - Parvovirus (7:07)

Hope it helps @shreeparn  :)

18/1/18 - Recent virology notes! Ignore the headings, I bought some new brush pens and I’m still getting used to them..

Gram Negative Aerobic Rods Mnemonic

MICROBIOLOGY MNEMONIC 

BRUno, FRANCISco & COnstantine are BORing PSEUDO LEGIONnaires

Brucella sp 

Francisella tularensis 

Coxiella burnetti

Bortedella pertusis

Pseudomona aeuroginosa

Legionella pneumophila

Antimicrobial Agents - Inhibition of DNA and Protein Synthesis

Bacterial chromosome replication

DNA replication

Bacterial Topoisomerases 

maintain DNA in appropriate state of supercoiling 

cut and reseal DNA

DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) introduces negative supercoils 

Topoisomerase IV decatenates circular chromosomes 

these are the targets of the quinolone antibacterial agents 

Quinolones

bind to bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV after DNA strand breakage 

prevent resealing of DNA 

disrupt DNA replication and repair 

bactericidal (kill bacteria)

Fluoroquinolone is particularly useful against

Gram +ves: Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci 

Gram -ves: Enterobacteriacea; Pseudomonas aeruginosa 

Anaerobes: e.g. Bacteroides fragilis 

many applications e.g. UTIs, prostatitis, gastroenteritis, STIs 

Adverse effects

Relatively well tolerated

GI upset in ~ 5% of patients 

allergic reactions (rash, photosensitivity) in 1 - 2% of patients 

Inhibition of Bacterial Protein Synthesis 

Macrolides 

in 1952: Erythromycin was isolated as the first macrolide (Streptomyces erythreus) 

Newer macrolides: clarithromycin, azithromycin 

Structurally they consist of a lactone ring (14- to 16-membered) + two attached deoxy sugars 

Mode of action 

bind reversibly to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit 

causes growing peptide chain to dissociate from ribosome → inhibiting protein synthesis 

bacteriostatic (stops reproduction)

Macrolides’ spectrum of activity

good antistaphylococcal and antistreptococcal activity 

treatment of respiratory & soft tissue infections and sensitive intracellular pathogens • e.g. Chlamydia, Legionella 

Adverse effects

Generally well tolerated

nausea 

vomiting 

diarrhoea 

rash 

Aminoglycosides

large family of antibiotics produced by various species of Streptomyces (“mycin”) and Micromonospora (“micin”) 

include: streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicins, tobramycin 

Structure = linked ring system composed of aminosugars and an aminosubstituted cyclic polyalcohol 

Mode of action of aminoglycosides

Bind irreversibly to 30S ribosomal subunit 

disrupt elongation of nascent peptide chain 

translational inaccuracy → defective proteins 

bactericidal 

Spectrum of activity 

broad spectrum; mainly aerobic G-ve bacilli (e.g. P. aeruginosa) 

used to treat serious nosocomial infections (hospital acquired infections)

First TB antibiotic

Used for cystic fibrosis 

Adverse effects

all aminoglycosides have low Therapeutic Index (only a small amount needed to become toxic)

renal damage, ototoxicity, loss of balance, nausea